the resilience level of Jakarta to urban f looding [104]. This was also supported by one key informant: “Community that is aware of flood risks means th ey understand the factors that might To analyse this, this paper addresses the question: ‘What is the role of the Dutch colonizers in the urban planning of Jakarta and its current water problems?’ To begin with, the way the Dutch had built the city needs to be discussed. This has been done following the Dutch urban planning principles of Simon Stevin (Kehoe 2015, 4 & 10). Based on the data from the Environmental Agency of Jakarta Province, the annual ambient PM 2.5 concentrations in Jakarta are the highest among all urban centers in Indonesia. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that air pollution is one of the major environmental risks to health, leading to both morbidities and mortalities, including The need for land use in Jakarta can be a contributing factor to the reduced function of infiltration and water flow, resulting in changes and problems in the drainage system. It is suspected that downstream areas such as Jakarta are unable to accommodate excess water, because there may be problems with the drains or drainage systems. Climate projections also point to heightened vulnerability from extreme weather events, which are expected to cause more drought and increased rainfall. The report, Pathways to Integrated Urban Water Management for Greater Jakarta, offers recommendations to support the adoption of IUWM in Greater Jakarta. The information is intended to provide Traffic congestion. A traffic jam in Istanbul, and an opportunity for two simit vendors to sell food to drivers. Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s. [1] .

urban problems in jakarta